"Patients reported far more relief from anxiety and
stress from flotation than any other modality. For depression, flotation was
equal to counseling at near 70%, with relaxation training at 53% and physical
therapy and medication at 20%. Patients also claimed to have reaped a variety
of other benefits from flotation, reporting improvements in sleep (65%), mental
concentration (77%), energy (46%), interpersonal relationships (54%), ability
to work (35%), ability to cope with pain (88%), ability to cope with stress
(92%), and feelings of well-being (65%) resulting from flotation REST."
-excerpt from Flotation REST in Applied Psychophysiology (see at bottom of
page)
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
-----------------------------
EFFECTS OF FLOATATION REST ON
SERUM CORTISOL IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITICS ??
Betsy A. McCormick, Doré R. Shafransky, Thomas H. Fine, and John W. Turner, J
Stress Management
Literature on REST Research Stress Management Barabasz A., Barabasz M., Dyer R.
& Rather N. (1993). Effects of Chamber REST, Flotation REST and Relaxation
on Transient Mood
State. Clinical and Experimental
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives.
pp.113-120. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990).
The Presence or Absence of Light the REST Experience: Effects on
Plasma Cortisol, Blood Pressure and Mood.Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Research and Commentary. pp.120-133. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.??Fine
T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of Restricted Environmental Stimulation
Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. First International Conference
on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.??Helmreich N.E.
(1990).
The Critical Role of Personality and Organizational Factors as Determinants
of Reactions to Restricted and Stressful Environments. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.51-61. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio
Press. Jacobs, Heilbronner & Stanely. (1985). The Effects of Short Term
Floatation REST on Relaxation. First International Conference on REST and
Self-Regulation. pp.86-102. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.??Jacobs G.D., Kemp J.C., Keane K.M.& Belden A.D. (1985).
\
A Preliminary Clinical Outcome Study on a Hospital Based Stress Management
Program Utilizing Flotation REST Biofeedback. First International Conference on
REST and Self-Regulation. pp.179-185. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications. Kuola G. M., Kemp
J., Keane K.M. & Belden A., (1984).Replication of a ClinicalOutcome Study
on a Hospital-based Stress Management and Behavioral Medicine Program Utilizing
Floatation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique) and
Biofeedback. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.127-135. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications. Dr. Schürbrock,
(1996). Treatment of Psychosomatic Illnesses Through Mental Training and Floatations
in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths, For Instance in the Treatment
of Chronic Relapsing Skin Diseases (Psoriasis, Neurodermatitis) 6th
International REST Conference, San Francisco. Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Zur
Adjuvanten Therapie Chronisch RezidivierterHauterkrankung (Psoriasis-Vulgaris,
Neurodermitis) im Magnesium-Sulfat Schwebewasser-Tank in Kombination mit
UV-Bestrahlung im Therapiezentrum "Haus Ebersberg". Wickramasekera
I. (1993). A Model of the Common "Active
Ingredient" in Stress Reduction Techniques. Clinical and Experimental
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives.
pp.59-74. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Sports and Athletic Performance
Baker D.A. (1990). The Use of REST in the Enhancement of Sports
Performance-Tennis. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.181-187. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press. Bond J. (1997). "To float or not to
float"... is that the question? How to maximise your use of the Sport
Psychology float tanks. McAleney P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of
Flotation REST and Visual Imagery on Athletic Performance: Tennis. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp.79-86.New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Richardson
S. (1997). Enhancing Rowing Ergometer Performance Through Flotation REST. 6th
International REST Conference. San Francisco.* Stanley
J., Mahoney M.& Reppert S. (1982). REST and the Enhancement of Sports
Performance: A Panel Presentation and Discussion. 2nd International Conference
on REST. pp.168-183. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications. Wagaman J. & Barabasz A. (1993). Flotation REST and
Imagery in the Improvement of Collegiate Athletic Performance: Basketball. Clinical
and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp.87-92. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Other Atkinson R. (1993). Short-Term Exposure to
REST: Enhancement Performance on a Signal-Detection Task. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp.93-100. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1997). REST
Effects on Human Performance. 6th International REST Conference. San
Francisco.* Melchiori L.G. & Barabasz A.F.
(1990). Effects of Flotation REST on Simulated Instrument Flight Performance.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.196-203. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio
Press. O’Leary D.S. & Heilbronner R.L. (1985). Flotation Rest and
Information Processing: A Reaction Time Study. First International Conference
on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.50-61. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Creativity Enhancement
Literature on REST Research Enhancement of Creativity Baker D.A.(1987). The
Effects of REST and Hemispheric Synchronization Compared to the Effects of REST
and Guided Imagery on the Enhancement of Creativity in Problem-Solving. 2nd
International Conference on REST. pp.122-126. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications Metcalfe J. &
Suedfeld P. (1990). Enhancing the Creativity of Psychologists Through Flotation
REST. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary.
pp.204-212. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press. Vartarian O.A. (1997). The Effects of Flotation
REST on Musical Creativity. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.*
Chronic Pain and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Borrie R. (1997). The Benefits of Flotation REST (Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Therapy) in a Pain Management Program. 6th International REST
Conference. San Francisco.
McCormick B.A., Shafransky D.R., Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. Jr. (1997).
Effects of Flotation REST on Plasma Cortisol in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th
International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Mereday C., Lehmann C. & Borrie R. (1990). Flotation For The Management of
Rheumatoid Arthritis. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.255-259. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
Shafransky D.R., McCormick B.A., Fine T.H. & Turner J. Jr. (1997).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) on Serological Markers of
Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th International REST Conference. San
Francisco.
Turner J. Jr., Deleon A., Gibson C. & Fine T.H. (1993). Effects of
Flotation REST on Range Motion, Grip Strength and Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp. 297-306. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Dieting
Barabasz M. (1993). REST : A Key Facilitator in the Treatment of Eating
Disorders. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp.121-126. New York:
Springer-VerlagNew York Inc. Borrie R.A. (1985). Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Therapy used in Weight Reduction. First International Conference on
REST and Self-Regulation. pp.144-151. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications. Dyer R., Barabasz A. & Barabasz M. (1993). Twenty-Four
Hours of Chamber REST Produces Specific Food Aversions in Obese Females.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp.127-144. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Treatment for Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Adams H. (1988).REST Arousability and the Nature of
Alcohol and Substance Abuse. Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5, pp.
77-81.USA.* Barabasz M., Barabasz A. & Dyer R. (1993). Chamber REST
Reduces Alcohol Consumption: 3, 6, 12, and 24 Hour Sessions. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp.163-173. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Cooper G., Adams H.& Scott J. (1988).REST
and Alcohol Consumption. Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5,
pp.59.USA.*
David B. (1997). A Pilot Test of REST as a Relapse Prevention Treatment for
Alcohol and Drug Abusers. 6th International REST Conference. San
Francisco.* DiRito D. (1993). Motivational Factors in
Alcohol Consumption: Extending Hull’s Model. Clinical and Experimental
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives.
pp.157-162. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Smoking Cessation (Quitting Smoking) Barabasz M. & Barabasz A.
(1993). Treatment of Trichotillomania and Smoking with Hypnosis and REST.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp.145-?156. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Fine T. & Bruno J. (1985). Floatation REST
and Smoking Cessation: A preliminary Report, Health and Clinical Psychology. North
Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.* Ramirez C. (1985).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Techniques in Smoking Cessation in a Latin
American Country. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation.
pp.152-166. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Behavioral Therapy Borrie R., Dana J., Perry S., & Friedman M. (1993).
Flotation REST, Physical Therapy and Psychological Intervention in the
Treatment of Physical Disabilities. Clinical and Experimental Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 289-296. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Cahn H.A.
(1985). Sensory Isolation used with Cognition Modification Training to Restore
Medically Declared Unfit Persons to Duty and Reduce Absenteeism in City of Phoenix
Maintenance Workers. First International Conference on
REST and Self-Regulation. pp.167-178. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications. Grunberg N. E. (1990). Potential Applications of Restricted
Environmental Stimulus Therapy in Behavioral Health. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.36-50. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio
Press. Ramirez C.E., Suedfeld P., Remick R.A. & Fleming J.A.E. (1990).
Potential Beneficial Effect of REST on Patients with Electroconvulsive Therapy.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.188-195. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio
Press. Rzewnicki R., Wallbaum A.B.C., Steel H. & Suedfeld P. (1990). REST
for Muscle Contraction Headaches; A Comparison of Two REST Environments
Combined with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.245-254. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Dr.
Suchurbruck, Dr. Berman & Tapprich J. (1997). Treatment of Psychosomatic
Illness Through Mental Training and Floatation in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate
Saturated Baths. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco. Tikalsky
F.D.(1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation, Relaxation Therapy, Social
Support and Mental Imagery as a Treatment Regimen in Breast Cancer. Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp267-271. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical
College of Ohio
Press.
Anxiety O’Toole P. & Barabasz M. (1997). Effects of Rational Emotive
Therapy and REST on Social Anxiety. 6th International REST Conference. San
Francisco. Pudvah M.B. & Rzewnicki R. (1990). Six Months in the Tank: The
Long-Term Effects of Flotation Isolation on State Anxiety, Hostility, and
Depression. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary.
pp.79-85. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
Children with Autism
Harrison J. & Barabasz A. (1993). REST as a Treatment for Children with
Autism. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp. 269-280. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Suedfeld P. & Schwartz G. (1980). Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) as a Treatment for Autistic Children. Journal
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Vol.4, #3, pp. 196-201. William
& Wilkins Co.
Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) Goldstein D.D. & Jessen W.E. (1990).
Flotation Effect on Premenstrual Syndrome. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.260-266. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio
Press.??Jessen W. (1993). The Effects of Consecutive Floats and Their Timing on
Premenstrual Syndrome. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 281-288. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Physiological Effects
Barabasz M., O’Neill M. & Scoggin G. (1990). The Physiological Panic
Button: New Data. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.112-119. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.Budzynski T.H. (1990). Hemespheric Asymmetry
and REST. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Theoretical and Empirical
Developments in Flotation REST. Pp. 2-21. New York:
Sringer-Verlag New York Inc.
Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990). The Presence or Absence of Light in
the REST Experience: Effects on Plasma Cortisol, Blood Pressure and Mood.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.120- 133. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical
College of Ohio
Press. Fine T., Mills D. & Turner J. Jr. (1993). Differential Effects of
Wet and Dry Flotation REST on EEG Frequency and Amplitude. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. 205-213. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.??Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of
Essential Hypertension. First International Conference on REST and
Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.??Fine T.& Turner J.W. (1987).The Effect of flotation
REST on EMG Biofeedback and Plasma Cortisol. 2nd International Conference on
REST. pp.148-155. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications. Francis W.D. & Stanley J.M. (1985). The Effects of
Restricted Environmental Stimulation on Physiological and Cognitive Indices.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.40-49. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications. Malowitz R.,
Tortora T. & Lehmann C.A.
(1990). Effects of Floating in a Saturated Epsom Salts Solution Disinfected
with Bromine on the Aerobic Microbial Flora of the Skin. Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.139-150. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio
Press. Ruzyla-Smith P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST on
the Immune Response: T-Cells, B-Cells, Helper and Suppressor Cells. Clinical
and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp. 223-238. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Steel G. (1993). Relaxed and Alert:Patterns of
T-Wave Amplitude and Heart Rate in a REST Environment. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp. 249-260. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1985).Hormonal
Changes Associated with Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy.First
International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.17-39. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications. Turner J.W. &
Fine T.H. (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Influences Plasma
Cortisol Levels and Their Variability. Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Research and Commentary. pp.71-78. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press. Turner J. Jr. & Fine T.H. (1993). The
Physiological Effects of Flotation REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 215-222. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Turner J.W. Jr.,
Fine T. & Hamad N.M.
(1997). Plasma Catecholamine Activity During Flotation REST.6th International
REST Conference.San Francisco* Turner J. Jr., Gerard W., Hyland J., Nieland P.
& Fine T. (1993). Effects of Wet and Dry Flotation REST on Blood Pressure
and Plasma Cortisol. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 239-248. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Turner J., Fine T.H., McGrady A. & Higgins
J.T.(1987). Effects of Biobehaviorally Assisted Relaxation Training on Blood
Pressure and Hormone Levels and Their Variation in Normotensives and Essential
Hypertansives. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.87-109. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications. Turner J. Jr. ,
Shroeder H. & Fine T.H. (1993). A Method for Continuous Blood Sampling
During Flotation REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 261-267. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Other REST Literature
Barabasz A.F. & Barabasz M. (eds.) (1993). Clinical and
ExperimentalRestricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. (Based on the 4th International Conference on REST) New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1983). First International Conference on
REST and Self-Regulation. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1985). 2nd International Conference on
REST. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1990). Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. (Based on the 3rd International
Conference on REST). Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College
of Ohio Press.
Suedfeld P. & Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (eds.). (1990). Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation
REST New York : Springer-Verlag
New York Inc.
------------------------------------
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
- Flotation
REST in Applied Psychophysiology by Fine, M.A. and Borrie, Ph.D.
- Bending and
Mending the Neurosignature by Sven-Ake Bood
- Health and Therapeutic
Applications of Chamber and Flotation REST
- REST-assisted relaxation and
chronic pain
- REST as a stress
management tool: A meta-analysis June 2005
- Chronic
Tension Headaches: Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy for Chronic Tension Headache: A Pilot
Study by Wallbaum, Rzewnicki, Steele & Suedfeld
- Muscle
Tension Pain: Effects of Flotation-REST on Muscle Tension Pain by
Kjellgren, Sundequist, Norlander, & Archer
- Memory Effects of
REST
- Consciousness,
Creativity, Subjective Stress and Pain by Kjellgren
- Controlled
Investigation of Right Hemispheric Processing Enhancement After Restricted
Environmental Stimulation (REST) with Floatation
- Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Technique Improves Human Performance: Rifle
Marksmanship
- Reduction
of Post-ECT Memory Complaints Through Brief, Partial Restricted
Environmental Stimulation (REST)
- Absorption of
magnesium sulfate across the skin by Dr. RH Waring
- Sulfate and
Sulfation by Dr. RH Waring
- Restricting
Environmental Stimulation (REST) to Enhance Cognitive Behavioral Treatment
for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder With Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- REST research
compilation by Penn State University Lab
- Additional
research
Medical College
of Ohio Rheumatoid arthritics
(RA) is a painful debilitating disease involving synovial lined joints
effecting millions worldwide. Currently treatment is pharmacological and
expensive. The etiology is unknown but one cause may be a defective
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in abnormal cortisol
levels. Additionally since psychophysiological changes which occur during
relaxation are often opposite of responses to various disease states of RA, it
is likely that relaxation training can benefit RA patients.
This study examined the effects of two specific relaxation technologies
on cortisol in RA, autogenic training (AT) (n=7) and floatation REST (n=7). The
former is psychophysiological self-control therapy. The latter is a potent
mediator of relaxation. Previous REST studies demonstrated decreased levels and
variability in cortisol. Serum levels of cortisol were measured using RIA. No
significant differences in cortisol across, between groups, or in a time-group
interaction occurred.
John W. Turner, Jr., Ph.D., Dept. of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical
College of Ohio,
3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo,
OH 43699
-------------------------------------------------------
EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION THERAPY ON CORTISOL, PAIN
AND INDICES OF INFLAMMATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITICS
Thomas H. Fine, MA, Betsy McCormick, BA, Dore Shefransky, DO, and J.W. Turner,
PhD. Medical College of Ohio, Department of Psychiatry and Department of
Physiology.
This proposal examines specific effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation
Therapy (REST) and Autogenic Training (AT) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is
a chronic, painful and debilitating disease which effects millions worldwide.
The proposed study examined the effects of AT or REST and AT on RA-related
measures in rheumatoid arthritics. All sessions are 40 minutes. One group
received AT while a second group received AT+REST. In this study individuals
were monitored for changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive
protein (CRP), Plasma Cortisol, and reported pain.
Measurements were made at baseline, during treatment and post treatment follow
up. No significant differences were found between groups or across sessions for
cortisol, CRP, or ESR. Pain measurements showed a significantly greater
decrease across sessions in the REST + AT group than in the AT group. The study
supports the use of REST as an intervention for RA related pain. The mechanism
of this effect remains unclear.
-------------------------------------------------------
EFFECTS OF SIX HOURS OF LIGHTED AND LIGHT-FREE DRY FLOATATION RESTRICTED
ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION (REST) ON CHANGES IN ABSORPTION AND MOOD STATE
Tim Justice, Arreed Barabasz, and Mike Trevisan ?Washington State University,
Pullman, WA
This study investigated the effects of dry flotation Restricted Environmental
Stimulation (REST) on transient mood states as measured by the Profile of Mood
States (POMS) and on absorption as measured by the Tellegen Absorption Scale
(TAS). Thirty subjects were assigned to either a lighted REST condition (N=10),
a light-free REST condition or a no treatment control condition (N=10).
Experimental participants floated supine on a salt water filled bladder using
dry flotation REST (Relaxation Dynamics, Boulder, CO) for six hours.
Participants in the lighted REST condition wore Ganzfeld goggles while
participants in the light free REST condition wore a sleeping mask. Pre-to post
REST and 2 week follow-up results showed that participants exposed to dry
flotation REST in the lighted condition had a significant decrease in
absorption. No significant changes were found for participants in the light
free REST or control condition. Participants in the light free condition
reported a decrease in anger pre to post REST.
-------------------------------------------------------
EFFECTS OF DRY FLOTATION REST ON HYPNOTIZABILITY, EEG AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
IN LIGHTED AND UNLIGHTED CONDITIONS
Marianne Barabasz, Arreed Barabasz, Jennifer Darakjy-Jaeger, Timothy
Justice, Katherine Anderson, Mike Trevisan Washington
State University Pullman,
WA
The effects of dry flotation restricted environmental stimulation (REST) on
hypnotizability, EEG and skin conductance were tested in lighted and light free
conditions. Washington State
University community volunteers
(N=30, ages 18-30) were assigned to lighted (N=10) REST, unlighted (N=10) REST
or control (N=10) conditions after participation in hypnosis maximizing
(plateauing) experiences (a minimum of 12 inductions prior to the experiment).
The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS:C) (Weitzenhoffer
& Hilgard, 1962) was administered prior to the experimental or control
condition, after the 6 hour exposure to the condition and at a two-week
follow-up. EEG and skin conductance level (SCL) data were collected during
REST. Participants exposed to both lighted and unlighted dry flotation REST
significantly improved their SHSS:C scores from pre to post and from pre to
follow-up confirming Barabasz's (1982) theory of REST responding.
Lighted and unlighted REST participants produced significantly higher
SHSS:C scores at both posttest and follow-up than participants exposed to the
Control procedures. The unlighted group showed significantly higher SHSS:C
scores than the unlighted REST group. Consistent with Barabasz (1982), EEG
alpha densities showed a U shaped curve while SCL responses showed an inverted
U curve during REST. Consistent with Suedfeld (1980), these data support an
arousal adaptation response to REST.
-------------------------------------------------------
EFFECTS OF REST AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT VIDEOS ON RECOVERY FROM INDUCED
STRESS ?
Daneil Christensen and Marianne Barabasz Washington
State University. This investigation tested the effects of dry flotation REST and videos of
Unthreatening Natural Environment (UNE) scenes on recovery from general stress
and induced stress.
Hypnotizability was considered as a moderator variable. High and low
hypnotizable subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) REST/UNE
(N=8 Highs; 8 Lows), 2) REST only (N=8 Highs; 8 Lows), 3) UNE only (N=8 Highs,
8 Lows) and, 4) No treatment control (N=8 Highs; 8 Lows). A 10 minute
videiotape of woodworking accidents was used for standardized stress induction.
Participants spent 50 minutes in their assigned conditions. Stress arousal was
measured using the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the
Tension-Anxiety (T-A) subscale of the Profile of Mood States (POMS), skin
conductance level (SCL) and peripheral skin temperature (PST).
Physiological findings showed that the two REST groups demonstrated lower
arousal (p<.05) as measured by SCL during the recovery period than the UNE
Only and No-Treatment control groups. The addition of the UNE videotape in the
REST/UNE group did not add additional benefits. The three treatment groups
demonstrated lower self-reported anxiety (SUDS ratings) over the course of the
experiment than the No-Treatment control group. Hypnotizability was unrelated
to stress recovery or imaginitive involvement experiences.
The SCL findings add to the growing body of data demonstrating the efficacy of
REST in reducing physiological arousal. This is the first study to use a standardized
stress induction stimulus. SCL measures demonstrated that REST is effective in
recovery from induced stress and further reduction of stress over time. The
expected beneficial effect of exposure to UNE scenes was not supported.
-------------------------------------------------------
THE EFFECTS OF DRY FLOTATION REST ON MARKSMANSHIP PERFORMANCE: MORE DATA
Arreed Barabasz, Marianne Barabasz, Dennis Warner and James Bauman Washington State University?Pullman, WA
This research used dry flotation REST (Relaxation Dynamics, Boulder, CO) and
controlled for relaxation and guided imagery confounds present in previous
research on REST enhancement of performance. In phase one, ten students
enrolled in a University marksmanship class who were exposed to one hour of
REST showed significantly higher accuracy scores than 10 matched classmate
controls who were exposed only to one hour of relaxation training.
In phase two, Bauman (1995) employed 48 university marksmanship students to
compare the effects of wet flotation REST, dry flotation REST, relaxation
training and control conditions. Treatment participants were exposed to one 50
minute session per week for two weeks. All participants received the same
instruction in marksmanship and fired the same number of practice shots. The
dry flotation REST group performed significantly better at follow-up than the
marksmanship practice only control group.
-------------------------------------------------------
REST EFFECTS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE ?
Marianne Barabasz and Arreed Barabasz ?Washington
State University Pullman,
WA
This comprehensive review of over twenty experimentally controlled studies
begins by placing sensory deprivation research and Professor Peter Suedfeld's
introduction of the term REST into historical perspective. Next, a brief
theoretical basis of REST effects on human performance is described. Non-sports
related research on REST effects are reviewed including complex problem
solving, scientific creativity, mood states, complex psycho-motor tasks, instrument
flight crew performance, signal detection, learning of chemistry and piano
performance.
Sports performance research includes studies involving both recreational and
professional player, includes gymnastics, basketball, tennis, skiing, rifle marksmanship
and darts. The research show increasing levels of sophistication and controls
while demonstrating both the effectiveness and limitations of chamber, dry
flotation and wet flotation REST. It is striking to note that comparability of
results despite the involvement of dozens of different researchers testing REST
in a wide variety of human performance tasks.
-------------------------------------------------------
EFFECTS OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY AND REST ON SOCIAL ANXIETY
Patrick O'Toole and Marianne Barabasz Washington
State University Pullman, WA
The effects of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) message and REST plus
the REBT message presentation on the reduction of social anxiety was tested.
Because hypnotizability has been shown to be enhanced following six hours of
chamber REST (A. Barabasz, 1982), it was examined as a moderator variable for
both REST and REBT. Irrational beliefs were measured using the Irrational
Beliefs Test (IBT). Social anxiety was measured using the Interaction
Anxiousness Scale, the Shyness Scale and a behavioral measure of individual
participant's personal sense of anxiety. Participants were matched on
standardized hypnotizability scores and then distributed among treatment groups
to ensure that each group was equivalent.
Participants were assigned to 1) REST plus REBT-derived message, 2) REBT
therapy only 3) REST only or 4) a no treatment control. Following the initial
series of assessments, participants spent 6 hours in the assigned condition. Both
within and between group comparisons were conducted on pre-, post- and one
month follow-up test scores. Post-experimental hypnotizability testing, and
inquiry of general experience and imaginative involvement were conducted to
check for changes in hypnotizability levels, content and adherence to treatment
protocol. The results will be discussed.
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ENHANCING ROWING ERGOMETER PERFORMANCE THROUGH FLOTATION REST
Sean Richardson University of British Columbia
The examination of the effectiveness of flotation Restricted Environmental
Stimulation technique (REST) as a performance enhancement tool in sport has
produced positive results. However, previous studies using flotation REST to
enhance gross motor performance combined the technique with imaginal practice,
confounding the effect that REST-only might have on performance. Although more
recent studies have examined the effects of flotation REST-only on athletic
performance, they have only looked at fine motor activity.
This study tested the effects of flotation REST-only on rowing ergometer
performance, a gross motor activity. Furthermore, this study attempted to
ascertain, through carefully constructed questionnaires, the reasons why
athletes might or might not benefit from including a period of flotation REST
in their training regime. Subjects (n=40) were a group of male and female,
novice and varsity university rowers. Subjects were matched based on previous
ergometer competition scores and then randomly assigned to either a flotation
REST condition or chamber/relaxation control condition.
All groups were exposed to two administrations of either one of the conditions
and were pre- and post-tested on a 1000 meter rowing ergometer trial;
difference scores were compared. The study also coincided with intra-team
ergometer competitions, allowing the experimenter to compare scores form a
source external to the study. The results are discussed in terms of which
sports might benefit form flotation REST and under what conditions it may best
be applied.
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ALTERED STATES: FROM FICTION TO FACT: INTRODUCING THE ALTERED WAKING STATES
INDUCTION METHOD
Richard Bonk, M.Ed. Wellness Center
Etc., Inc.
Although REST has been the subject of a multitude of research studies and has
been shown to be useful in clinical applications much of the public's awareness
of the floatation experience stems from the movie Altered States. And, it is
often in the hope of producing unique, stimulating and consciousness altering
states that many people decide to float. For many individuals, floating becomes
a "done that," once in a lifetime experience when they emerge from
the Epsom salt waters relaxed though certainly not significantly
"altered."
However, many regular floaters often experience heightened states of awareness
and unusual mental phenomena. In an effort to examine these unique states in a
controlled setting it was important to develop a technique in which these ephemeral
states could be reliably and regularly facilitated. Following is the 1) an
introduction to the Alternate Waking States Induction Method (AWSIM), a
technique which has proven effective in the engendering of "altered"
states of consciousness in individuals while floating, 2) initial findings of
AWSIM research, 3) a brief overview of significant phenomena observed with
reference to categorization thereof, 4) implications and possible applications,
and 5) suggestions for further research.
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AUDITORY SIGNAL DETECTION IN VARIOUS LEVELS OF RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULATION
David Eichorn: University of British
Columbia
This study was designed to measure how various
degrees of reduced stimulation (REST) influence the detection of a tone
presented in noise. Six groups of subjects experienced three degrees of reduced
stimulation in two different environments, a typical REST chamber and a
flotation tank. The three degrees of reduced stimulation were silence, music,
and recorded text. Light was also present in the conditions with auditory
stimulation. The groups comprise a continuum of stimulation including a
near-complete lack of stimulation (flotation REST), condition with visual and
auditory stimulation encourages cognitive (central) stimulation (chamber with
lights on and recorded text that must later be paraphrased).
The detection task was presented to subjects once during the first ten minutes
and again during the last ten minutes of a one hour and twenty minute period
spent in one of the REST conditions. The results highlight the importance of
considering the type of stimulation being reduced in all REST experiments and
the value of using a well-established cognitive measure to track the effects of
REST.
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A COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF REST FLOTATION,
PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION, AND LIGHT-SOUND STIMULATION RELAXATION TRAINING
Ernesto A. Randolfi, Ph.D.
Subjects (n=63) were randomly assigned to three methods of relaxation training
(restricted environmental stimulation technique (REST) flotation, progressive
relaxation, and light-sound stimulation), or a control group to assess the
effects of periodic exposure to relaxation. All subjects were scheduled for 45
minutes sessions three times a week for three weeks. Pre and post measurements
included serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, blood pressure, and self
reported measures of anxiety, depression, and physical stress symptoms. No
significant differences (p<.05) were found on analysis of covariance for
group means of post test scores when pretests were used as the covariate.
Significant (p<.05) reductions in pre to post anxiety scores were found for
three treatment groups using a paired t-test, but not the control group. Both
the REST flotation group and the progressive relaxation group demonstrated
significantly lower depression scores, and the flotation group reduced physical
symptoms of stress. Subjects with pre-test cholesterol levels above 180 mm/dl
were selected for additional analysis, those in the REST flotation group (n=10)
significantly lowered total cholesterol (p=.042) and LDL (p=.034) levels by a
mean of 18.5 mm/dl and 14.3 mm/dl respectively.
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THE BENEFITS OF FLOTATION REST RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION
(THERAPY) IN A PAIN MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Roderick A. Borrie, Ph.D.?South Oaks
Hospital, Amityville,
NY
A pain management program that incorporates regular flotation REST is described
with emphasis on the rationale for flotations use. Results from 57 patients
receiving 354 flotation REST sessions as part of stress management and pain
management programs will be presented in the form of PANAS scores, pain,
tension and relaxation ratings from before and after each session. Case reports
demonstrating the therapeutic use of flotation with a variety of physical
problems will be presented with a discussion of specific benefits resulting
from flotation. The problems of using flotation in a health care setting will
also be discussed.
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EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION THERAPY (REST) ON
SEROLOGICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
Doré R. Shefransky, A. Betsy McCormick, Thomas H. Fine and John W. Turner, Jr.
Medical College of Ohio Toledo,
Ohio
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory multisystem connective
tissue disorder. Relaxation therapy is beneficial in a variety of rheumatoid
diseases. This study explores the effect of REST on inflammation with
previously diagnosed RA measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and
C-reactive protein (CRP). Fourteen volunteers in RA participated in a
controlled clinical trial; half underwent flotation REST with a taped message
while controls underwent autogenic relaxation with the same message in a
reclining chair. ESR and CRP were measured pre, post, and during treatment.
The mean ESR decreased in the REST group and slightly increased in the
autogenic control group. Neither change was significant (p>.05, t-test). CRP
values changed little in either group across study. Individual REST subjects
were consistent in exhibiting decreased ESR across the study, suggesting a
potentially significant effect of REST, masked in this study by a small group
size. The preliminary results encourage further investigation. Funded by Medical
College of Ohio.
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TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS THROUGH MENTAL TRAINING AND FLOATATION IN
OXYGENATED MAGNESIUM SULFATE SATURATED BATHS ??
Dr. Schurbruck, M.D., Dr. Bergman, M.D. Juergen Tapprich ??Problem: Treatment
of psoriasis, a psychosomatic illness that presents in 2% of the general
population.
Subject: 56 year old female presented in July, 1996 with chronic psoriasis
(documented since 1987).
Method: Combined use of oxygenated, magnesium sulfate saturated isolation tank
bath and psychological training such as meditation techniques, visualization,
and self-image reconfiguration. Patient participated in ten weekly sessions
during which she was given training in the above, floated for an hour, and
underwent 5-10 minutes of ultraviolet light therapy.
Results: After three sessions, patient reported feeling significantly better.
After 8 sessions, patient was free of visible manifestation of psoriasis. After
10 sessions, patient reported feelings of general well-being and absence of
skin disturbance. She expressed interest in a six month follow-up session.
Discussion: The positive results offer hope for the psychosomatic patient. In
the past, patients have had to travel to varied geographic locations (e.g. The
Dead Sea) for salt-saturated bathing. The favorable combination of
psychological training and physiological treatment has not to our knowledge
been documented. We believe the effects of the use of chemical-free,
salt-saturated oxygenated baths, auditory stimulation in sensory isolation,
kinesthetic feedback (gravity reduced environment) and ultraviolet therapy have
a synergistic effect offering relief from and control of this debilitating
disease.
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LISTENING TO BINAURAL BEATS TO ENHANCE THE EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED
ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION THERAPY
F. Holmes Atwater Research Director, The Monroe Institute
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) offers both physiological
benefits and access to propitious states of consciousness. Listening to
binaural beats in a REST-like environment gives rise to an EEG
frequency-following response (FFR) which theoretically may enhance these
effects or engender similar psychophysiological state changes. A critical
point, however, is that a FFR to binaural beats in archetypal brain-wave frequencies
has not been comprehensively demonstrated using apropos evoked-potential EEG
protocols.
A study was designed t determine if a 7 Hz (theta) binaural beat would engender
a 7 Hz FFR and if a 16 Hz (beta) binaural beat would engender a 16 Hz FFR. This
study used a REST-like environment and multiple-subject trials designed to
objectively verify a FFR to theta and beta binaural-beat stimuli with an
appropriate evoked-potential protocol. Significant increases in 7 Hz
(p=<.001) and 16 Hz (p=.007) EEG amplitudes during binaural-beat stimuli
periods provided evidence of a FFR to the binaural-beat stimuli. Binaural beats
appear to influence consciousness by providing FFR information to the
brainstem's reticular activating system (RAS).
The RAS regulates arousal states, attentional focus, and levels of awareness by
stimulating the thalamus and cortex. The FFR information includes the
character, quality and traits of consciousness represented by the wave pattern
of the stimulus binaural beats.
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REST AS A CAPSULE EXPERIENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
G. Daniel Steele Human and Leisure Sciences Lincoln
University New
Zealand
This paper examines the features of exotic, enclosed environments, using
catalogues suggested by Sells (1973), Harrison and
Connors (1984), and Suedfeld (1986). From the work of these and other
researchers, three general dimensions relating to stationary capsule
environments are derived: crew characteristics, physical space, and time
factors. These dimensions are discussed in light of their applicability to REST
environments, with special consideration being given to the REST experience as
a significant marker event.
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EEG AND SUBJECTIVE CORRELATES OF ALPHA FREQUENCY BINAURAL BEATS STIMULATION
COMBINED WITH ALPHA BIOFEEDBACK
Dale S. Foster, Ph.D. Harding University,
Graduate School of Religion
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of alpha frequency binaural
beats stimulation combined with alpha biofeedback on alpha frequency brain wave
production and subjective experience of mental and physical relaxation. The
study compared the alpha production and subjective report of four groups, each
of which received brief relaxation response training and one of four
treatments: 1) alpha frequency binaural beats stimulation, 2) visual alpha
frequency brain wave biofeedback, 3) alpha frequency binaural beats stimulation
combined with visual alpha biofeedback, or 4) artificially produced ocean surf
sounds.
Sixty volunteer undergraduate and graduate students were randomly assigned to
the four groups and instructed to utilize their respective treatment as the
"mental device" in Benson's relaxation response paradigm while they
relaxed with eyes open for twenty minutes.
Two 2 X 4 mixed ANOVAs revealed that all groups evidenced increased subjective
report of relaxation and increased alpha production. An interaction effect was
found in which the group with both alpha binaural beats and alpha biofeedback
produced more treatment alpha than the group with alpha biofeedback alone.
Additionally, nine of the fifteen subjects with both binaural beats and
feedback reported being able to control alpha production via their focus on the
alpha binaural beats. The data suggest the possibility that binaural beats can
be used to enhance awareness of and control of specific cortical potentials.
Implications for combining brainwave biofeedback, frequency-following-response
techniques and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) to promote
the self-regulation and management of consciousness are discussed.
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THE EFFECTS OF FLOTATION REST ON MUSICAL CREATIVITY
Oshin A. Vartanian University of British Columbia
This paper describes the experiment (Experiment 2) that was conducted following
the one (Experiment 1) presented at the 1993 conference in Seattle. Experiment
1 found that after floating for 1 hr./week for 4 consecutive weeks, 14
post-secondary music majors were rated as showing significantly more
improvement than a control group in concentration, but not in focus nor
technical skill.
The current experiment investigated the effects of an identical regimen of
flotation REST on musical creativity in 24 post- secondary jazz improvisation
students through changes in improvisation, creativity, expressiveness,
technical skill and overall quality. There was no significant difference
between the experimental and control group on any of the measures taken, but
the experimental group did significantly better on final jazz improvisation
grades. Explanations are provided as to why the effect detected in final jazz
improvisation grades was absent in improvisation measured through performance,
and the results are discussed in the context of the Budzynski hypothesis. There
were the first studies to assess the skill-enhancing effects of flotation REST
on the performance of advanced musicians.
Flotation REST in Applied Psychophysiology
Thomas H. Fine, M.A. and Roderick Borrie, Ph.D.
Thomas H. Fine is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry of the
Medical College of Ohio. He began his research and clinical work with
Biofeedback in 1975, and, with John Turner, initiated the Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy research program at MCO in 1978.
Roderick A Borrie, Ph.D. is a Clinical Psychologist at South
Oaks Hospital,
Amityville, New York.
He began his exploration of therapeutic uses of Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Therapy at the University
of British Columbia with Dr. Peter
Suedfeld, and continues to use it in current work with patients suffering
chronic pain and illness.
Introduction
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) has fascinated many
researchers, clinicians, and explorers of consciousness, promising something
special - a powerful transformation, a mystical peak experience, an intense
change in biochemicals, improved performance, or a healing of our ills. Beyond
the fascination, Flotation REST has established itself as a unique method in
the field of applied psychophysiology. Flotation REST has proven to be a
technique with predictable psychophysiological effects and powerful clinical
and performance applications. This article will provide the reader with an
introduction to the basic research into Flotation REST's psychophysiological
effects, and a brief overview of the clinical and performance applications
currently in use by REST clinicians and researchers. The article will examine
in greater detail the use of Flotation REST as an intervention for chronic
pain.
REST is an acronym for Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique, a name
developed in the late 1970s by Peter Suedfeld and Roderick Borrie for a
technique that had previously been called Sensory Deprivation (SD) or Sensory
Isolation. Since much of the early SD research had been misinterpreted,
especially by writers of introductory psychology texts, a widely accepted myth
developed that SD environments were highly stressful, even models for producing
psychotic like experiences. This led to difficulties with the Sensory
Deprivation concept. Ultimately Suedfeld and Borrie proposed that, since the
process involves restricting the environmental stimulation that the patient or
subject experiences, REST would be a more accurate and less provocative
acronym.
Flotation REST is a special type of REST popularized by John C. Lilly, M.D.
Lilly developed an immersion system in the late 1950s at that was used in early
SD experiments. In the 1960s he developed a flotation system in which a person
floats in a light free, sound reduced chamber in a highly concentrated solution
of Epsom Salt and water maintained at a constant temperature of 9,4.5 F (Lilly,
1977, p. 118).
Both Wet and Dry REST systems have been utilized in research and practice.
Wet-REST systems utilize flotation in salt water, and Dry-REST systems utilize
a modified REST environment in which a pliable 15 mm. polymer membrane
separated the floater from the fluid (Turner, Gerard, Hyland, Neilands, &
Fine, 1993).
At the Medical College of Ohio, John Turner and I conducted a series of studies
investigating the psychophysiological effects of brief sessions of Flotation
REST. The REST environment used in all of these studies was a plastic or
fiberglass chamber, approximately 1.1 m. x 1.3 m. x 2.5 m. filled to a 25 cm.
depth with saturated epsom salts (Mg SO) solution having a specific gravity of
1.28 and temperature maintained at 34.5 C. The chamber was light-free and the
sound level was less than 10 decibels, with further attenuation due to
submersion of the ears in the solution. The general protocol consisted of 30-40
minute sessions repeated approximately every third day with a total number
ranging from 4 to 20 sessions per study.
The first parameter we addressed was the subjective report of the REST
experience. We utilized several indices of subjective reports including the
Spielberger state anxiety scale, Zuckerman multiple affect adjective checklist
(Turner & Fine, 1990a), profile of mood states (POMS) (Turner, Fine, Ewy,
Sershon, & Frelich, 1989), and subjective rating scales of emotion and
relaxation. All of the initial studies found marked pre-post and across-session
changes indicating relaxation, an increase in positive emotion and a decrease
in negative emotions. In addition, an analysis of well over 1,000 descriptions
of the REST experience indicated that more than 90% of subjects found REST
deeply relaxing.
Psychophysiological Effects of Flotation Rest
In choosing physiological parameters of the REST effect on relaxation, we
examined the basic physiological and biochemical hormonal changes associated
with stress responding. Physiological parameters measured included blood
pressure (BP), muscle tension (EMG), and heart rate (HR). Hormonal parameters
included both adrenal axis hormones such as ACTH, epinephrine, norepinephrine,
cortisol and aldosterone, and hormones not mediating stress responding
(luteinizing hormone and testosterone). Both within and across-session
decreases have been observed in various hormones. Hormones directly associated
with the stress response. Cortisol, ACTH and epinephrine showed decreases
during REST sessions, whereas luteinizing hormone, which is not associated with
the stress response, showed no change (Turner & Fine 1983). Likewise,
across-session decreases were observed in adrenal-associated hormones
(cortisol, aldosterone, renin activity), while a hormone unrelated to stress
response (testosterone) did not shown across-session changes (Turner &
Fine, 1990a). In a separate study, we examined the across-session effect on
both mean cortisol values and their variability, observing a decrease in both
parameters (Turner and Fine, 1991). This suggests the possibility of a
resetting of the regulatory mechanism of cortisol across sessions. Furthermore,
cortisol, which has received more attention than the other hormones, and Blood
Pressure, have been shown to maintain the REST effect after cessation of
repeated REST sessions (Turner & Fine, 1983). This phenomenon suggests that
the REST effect may be more than a simple, immediately reversible response.
Interestingly, in comparing hormonal and BP changes in REST with these changes
in another relaxation condition (biofeedback), REST consistently showed greater
hormonal effects but similar BP effects to biofeedback assisted relaxation
(McGrady, Turner, Fine, & Higgins. 1987). These results led us to consider
that REST affects different mechanisms than the biofeedback (since it affected
cortisol levels when other methods did not) or was simply more powerful (i.e.
REST reached the threshold for cortisol change but biofeedback did not).
Clinical Applications of Flotation REST
These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that Flotation REST
serves as a powerful relaxation inducer and has clinical potential in working
with patients who have stress-related disorders. There have been several
clinical studies that have employed REST as a treatment. The disorders treated
include essential hypertension, muscle tension headache, anxiety disorders,
chronic pain, psychophysiological insomnia, PMS, and rheumatoid arthritis (Fine
and Turner, 1985; Rzewnicki, Alistair, Wallbaum, Steel, Suedfeld, 1990; Fine
and Tumer, 1985; Goldstein and Jessen, 1990; Turner, DeLeon, Gibson, &
Fine, 1993). The treatment paradigms used in these studies were similar, with
REST serving as the primary method of relaxation induction and training. All of
these studies demonstrated positive results from the use of REST. One of the
unique effects of REST demonstrated in these studies was that chronic pain
patients frequently experienced an absence of all pain during flotation, and
that this spontaneous anesthesia could remain for up to several hours after the
session. Unfortunately, as with many bio-behavioral treatment approaches, the
large scale controlled trials have yet to be undertaken.
Flotation REST and Performance Enhancement
A separate, exciting area is the use of Flotation REST in the enhancement of
human performance. Several studies, carried out primarily in the research
programs of Peter Suedfeld at the University
of British Columbia and Arreed
Barabasz at Washington State
University, have demonstrated
enhancement of scientific creativity, instrument flight performance, and piano
performance. Several studies of sports performance have had positive results
including studies of basketball, tennis, skiing, rifle marksmanship, and dart
throwing. In several of the studies the Flotation REST condition was varied
with relaxation, or imagery training and always had a more powerful effect.
Often, Flotation REST was used with imagery or without imagery, and no
difference was, found. Flotation REST, either wet or dry, was sufficiently
powerful to affect a change in performance. Barabasz suggests that because REST
potentiates imagery while disrupting over learned psychological processes, the
technique is especially suited not only for the acquisition of new im- proved
skills but the unlearning of less adaptive ones.
Flotation Rest and Pain Management
An in depth examination of the role of Flotation REST in the management of pain
can provide us with a clear picture of the psychophysiological nature of the
treatment. Pain programs are generally used as a last referral resort for
patients whose intractable pain has not responded to the traditional medical
treatments. Biobehaviorally based pain management utilizes counseling and
behavioral medicine techniques such as relaxation training, meditation.
biofeedback, guided imagery, and self-hypnosis. The goals of such treatment are
the development of pain avoidance skills, the establishment of routines for
optimal fitness within the limitations of a disability, the reduction or
elimination of pain, when possible, and/or the patients acceptance of some
level of pain.
Flotation REST can have an important role at several stages of the pain
management process. By reducing both muscle tension and pain in a relatively
short time and without effort on the part of the patient, flotation provides a
dramatic demonstration of the benefits of relaxation. Relief is immediate and,
although temporary, offers promise of further relief from REST and other
relaxation-based strategies. Symptom reduction gained from flotation can
increase a patient's motivation and interest in the remainder of the therapy plan.
Pain patients generally come into treatment feeling suspicious and skeptical,
requiring a clear demonstration that they can be helped. Flotation can be the
vehicle for that demonstration.
The relaxation following flotation can be used to facilitate relaxation
training. In the treatment reported here, training in relaxation and other
psychological pain control strategies occurred during the flotation REST
sessions as well as in counseling sessions. Specially prepared audio programs
introduced patients to breathing techniques, progressive muscle relaxation,
autogenic training, guided imagery and hypnotic suggestions for pain reduction
while they floated. Training and practice in those same techniques followed in
counseling sessions and at home.
The most common etiologies of pain in this group of patients were from motor
vehicle accidents, work accidents, or chronic illness. Most had endured their
pain for longer than six months and had also suffered various levels of
anxiety, anger, and depression. These emotional problems must be considered in
the treatment of chronic pain patients. The first data are pre-post pain
ratings from 16 patients who floated from one to 16 flotation sessions. Each
patient reported on up to four body areas, providing a total of 253 pre-post ,
measures. The average percentage of relief, as measured in decrease from the
pre-session value, was 31.3% for all sessions and all measures. To determine
whether flotation REST provides more pain relief to some parts of the body as
opposed to others, these measurements were examined by body area. Pain
reduction in most body areas was close to the overall mean of 31%, except the
upper back, which showed a 63.6% pain reduction, the arms which showed a 48.2%
reduction, and the legs, which showed a 15.3% pain reduction. The duration of
relief varied from two hours to seven days.
A second set of data came from a survey mailed to patients who had completed
the program. The questionnaire asked patients to assess how much pain relief
they received from the various components of the pain program (Flotation,
relaxation training, and counseling) and from other treatments they had
received medication (pills and shots), physical therapy, chiropractic, and
surgery. Short-term pain relief, long-term pain relief, relief from anxiety or
stress, and relief from depression were indicated separately. Additionally,
they were asked whether each treatment improved their outlook and/or helped
them cope with their pain.
All 27 respondents had received treatments other than those from this pain
program: 81% had used pain medications; 56% had had some form of pain
injections; 70% had received physical therapy; 59% had received chiropractic
treatment; 22% had undergone surgery. These patients reported more short-term
and long-term pain relief from flotation than from the other therapeutic
modalities.
For non-pain symptoms, the comparisons were even more striking. Patients
reported far more relief from anxiety and stress from flotation than any other
modality. For depression, flotation was equal to counseling at near 70%, with
relaxation training at 53% and physical therapy and medication at 20%. Patients
also claimed to have reaped a variety of other benefits from flotation,
reporting improvements in sleep (65%), mental concentration (77%), energy
(46%), interpersonal relationships (54%), ability to work (35%), ability to
cope with pain (88%), ability to cope with stress (92%), and feelings of
well-being (65%) resulting from flotation REST.
In answering the question, "Did this treatment improve your outlook toward
your pain?" 96% responded positively for flotation, 100% for counseling,
100% for relaxation training, 50% for physical therapy, 24% for pain pills, 17%
for pain shots, 15% for chiropractic. To the question, "Did this treatment
help you cope effectively with your pain?" 96% responded positively for
flotation, 92% for both relaxation training and counseling, 50% for pain shots,
44% for pain injections, 38% for physical therapy, and 17% for chiropractic. It
is clear that flotation was rated on average as more effective than other
treatments with respect to pain, anxiety and depression relief.
Flotation REST and Chronic Illness
Summing up thus far, the data are supportive of flotation REST being useful in
pain reduction, stress and tension abatement, and mood enhancement. Besides
chronic pain, other patients treated at our facility were those with chronic
physical illnesses, those with cancer, those with trauma to the nervous system,
those with depression or bipolar mood disorder. anxiety disorders, and those
suffering overwhelming stress.
Uniquely, Flotation REST provides an effortless introduction to deep mental and
physical relaxation. The majority of our chronic illness patients suffered from
autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, and
Reiters syndrome. For these patients, discovering relaxation meant a dramatic
reduction in symptoms, such as joint pain, headache, fatigue and depression.
Several patients with lupus reported that regular flotation permitted them to
reduce their dosage of prednisone while experiencing less frequency and
severity of symptoms. Two patients with scleroderma reported relief from
flotation. One reported relief from pain and stiffness that lasted almost a
week after her third flotation session. As this patient continued she also
experienced relief from her depression about the illness, a dramatic reduction
in her use of steroids and other medications, a reduction in joint pain and
swelling, and less frequent heartburn and headaches. After a three month course
of treatment with flotation and counseling she was able to return to her job.
Flotation REST and Depression
When depression is in reaction to the circumstances of a physical injury or
illness, Flotation REST can produce an immediate elevation in mood, probably
due to the mood enhancing effects of deep relaxation as well as the optimism
that occurs with the experience of physical relief. When depression is the
primary diagnosis, flotation is best used as an adjunct to counseling and then
only after the patient has gained a modicum of feeling in control. Caution is
necessary in administering REST with depressed patients due to the often
obsessive nature of negative thinking that will continue during the REST
session. Once these patients have developed a better understanding of their
disorder, flotation REST can be a mood elevator that speeds the course of
therapy, especially when combined with positive guided imagery during the
sessions.
REST and Applied Psychophysiology
The REST environment can be viewed, from a biofeedback perspective, as a system
that enhances the connection between consciousness and physiology by reducing
external information rather than amplifying internal information. We describe
biofeedback as a process of amplifying and displaying information about
processes that we normally do not attend to or are unable to discriminate from
the wealth of informational noise always present. REST reduces environmental
noise, and in a flotation environment one is able to be aware of all sorts of
physiological information, (i.e. muscle tension, heart rate, etc.) that we are
often not aware of in normal quiet environments.
REST is an ideal environment for the acquisition of biofeedback based learning.
Many years ago Lloyd and Shurley published a paper demonstrating its effect on
the acquisition of single motor unit control. Acquisition of single motor unit
control was superior in the REST chamber (Lloyd & Shurley, 1976). Our
investigations found the same advantage with heart rate control. Similarly
Dry-REST environments might be exceptional environments for neurofeedback
training. While we have learned much about REST in the last twenty years, its
potential in applied psychophysiology has barely been exploited. In this age of
cyberspeak, we might begin to think of expanding the clinical bandwidth of
applied psychophysiology by taking another look at REST.
Fine, T.H., & Turner, J.W., Jr. (1983). The Use of Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension, First
International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation, 136-143.
Fine, T.H. & Turner, J.W., Jr. (1985). Rest-assisted relaxation and chronic
pain. Health and Clinical Psychology, 4, 511-518.
Goldstein, D.D. & Jessen, W.E. (1987). Flotation Effect on Premenstrual
Syndrome. Restricted Environmenntal Stimulation: Research and Commentary,
260-273.
Lilly, J.C. (1977). The deep self. New York:
Simon & Schuster.
McGrady, A.V. Turner, J.W. Jr. Fine, T.H. & Higgins, J.T. (1987). Effects
of biobehaviorally-assisted relaxation training on blood pressure, plasma
renin, cortisol, and aldosterone levels in borderline essential hypertension.
Clinical Biofeedback & Health, 10(1), 16-25.
Rzewnicki, R. Alistair, B.C. Wallbaum, Steel, H. & Suedfeld, P, (1990).
REST for muscle contraction headaches: A comparison of two REST environments
combined with progressive muscle relaxation training. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary, 245-254.
Turner, J.W. Jr. DeLeon, A. Gibson, C. & Fine, T. (1993). Effects of
Flotation REST on range of motion, grip strength and pain in rheumatoid
arthritics. In A. Barabasz & M, Barabasz (Ed.), Clinical and experimental
restricted environmental stimulation (pp. 297- 336). New
York: Springer-Verlag.
Turner, J.W. Jr. Fine, T.H. (1983). Effects of relaxation associated with brief
restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) on plasma cortisol, ACTH,
and LH. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 9, 115-126.
Turner, J.W. Jr. & Fine, T.H. (1990a). Hormonal changes associated with
restricted environmental stimulation therapy. In P. Suedfeld, J. Turner, &
T. Fine (Eds.), Restricted environmental stimulation theoretical and empirical
development in flotation REST (pp. 71-92). New York,
NY: Springer-Verlag.
Turner, J.W. Jr. & Fine, T.H. (1991). Restricting environmental stimulation
influences variability and levels of plasma cortisol. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 70(5), 2010-2013.
Turner, J.W. Jr. Fine, T. Ewy, G. Sershon, P. & Frelich, T. (1989). The presence
or absence of light during flotation restricted environmental stimulation:
Effects on plasma cortisol, blood pressure and mood. Biofeedback and
Self-Regulation, 14, 291-300.
Turner, J.W. Jr. Gerard, W. Hyland, J. Neilands, P. & Fine, T.H. (1993). Effects
of wet and dry flotation REST on blood pressure and plasma cortisol, In A.
Barabasz & M. Barabasz (Ed,), Clinical and experimental restricted
environmental stimulation (pp. 239-248). New York:
Springer-Verlag.
Author's address for information:
Thomas H. Fine, M.A. Department of Psychiatry Medical
College of Ohio Richard D.
Ruppert Health Center
?3120 Glendale Ave. Toledo,
OH 43614-5809 tfine@mco.edu
Stress Management
Literature on REST Research Stress Management
Barabasz A., Barabasz M., Dyer R. & Rather N. (1993). Effects of Chamber
REST, Flotation REST and Relaxation on Transient
Mood State.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp.113-120. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990). The
Presence or Absence of Light the REST Experience: Effects on Plasma Cortisol,
Blood Pressure and Mood.Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.120-133. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. First
International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Helmreich N.E. (1990). The Critical Role of Personality and Organizational
Factors as Determinants of Reactions to Restricted and Stressful Environments.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.51-61. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Jacobs, Heilbronner & Stanely. (1985). The Effects of Short Term Floatation
REST on Relaxation. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation.
pp.86-102. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Jacobs G.D., Kemp J.C., Keane K.M.& Belden A.D. (1985). A Preliminary
Clinical Outcome Study on a Hospital Based Stress Management Program Utilizing
Flotation REST Biofeedback. First International Conference on REST and
Self-Regulation. pp.179-185. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Kuola G. M., Kemp J., Keane K.M. & Belden A., (1984).Replication of
aClinicalOutcome Study on a Hospital-based Stress Management and Behavioral
Medicine Program Utilizing Floatation REST (Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Technique) and Biofeedback. 2nd International Conference on REST.
pp.127-135. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Treatment of Psychosomatic Illnesses Through Mental
Training and Floatations in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths, For
Instance in the Treatment of Chronic Relapsing Skin Diseases (Psoriasis,
Neurodermatitis) 6th International REST Conference, San
Francisco.
Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Zur Adjuvanten Therapie Chronisch
RezidivierterHauterkrankung (Psoriasis-Vulgaris, Neurodermitis) im
Magnesium-Sulfat Schwebewasser-Tank in Kombination mit UV-Bestrahlung im
Therapiezentrum "Haus Ebersberg".
Wickramasekera I.
(1993). A Model of the Common "Active Ingredient" in Stress Reduction
Techniques. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp.59-74. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Sports and Athletic Performance
Baker D.A. (1990). The Use of REST in the
Enhancement of Sports Performance-Tennis. Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Research and Commentary. pp.181-187. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
Bond J. (1997). "To float or not to float"... is that the question?
How to maximise your use of the Sport Psychology float tanks.
McAleney P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST and Visual
Imagery on Athletic Performance: Tennis. Clinical and Experimental Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.79-86.New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Richardson S. (1997). Enhancing
Rowing Ergometer Performance Through Flotation REST. 6th International REST
Conference. San Francisco.*
Stanley J., Mahoney M.& Reppert S. (1982). REST and the Enhancement of
Sports Performance: A Panel Presentation and Discussion. 2nd International
Conference on REST. pp.168-183. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Wagaman J. & Barabasz A. (1993). Flotation REST and Imagery in the
Improvement of Collegiate Athletic Performance: Basketball. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp.87-92. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Other Atkinson R. (1993). Short-Term Exposure to REST: Enhancement Performance
on a Signal-Detection Task. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.93-100. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1997). REST Effects on Human Performance. 6th
International REST Conference. San Francisco.*
Melchiori L.G. & Barabasz A.F. (1990). Effects of Flotation REST on
Simulated Instrument Flight Performance. Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Research and Commentary. pp.196-203. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
O’Leary D.S. & Heilbronner R.L. (1985). Flotation Rest and Information
Processing: A Reaction Time Study. First International Conference on REST and
Self-Regulation. pp.50-61. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Creativity Enhancement
Literature on REST Research Enhancement of
Creativity Baker D.A.(1987). The Effects of REST and Hemispheric
Synchronization Compared to the Effects of REST and Guided Imagery on the
Enhancement of Creativity in Problem-Solving. 2nd International Conference on
REST. pp.122-126. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications
Metcalfe J. & Suedfeld P. (1990). Enhancing the Creativity of Psychologists
Through Flotation REST. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.204-212. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Vartarian
O.A. (1997). The Effects of Flotation REST on Musical Creativity. 6th
International REST Conference. San Francisco.*
Chronic Pain and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Borrie R. (1997). The Benefits of
Flotation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy) in a Pain
Management Program. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
McCormick B.A., Shafransky D.R., Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. Jr. (1997).
Effects of Flotation REST on Plasma Cortisol in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th
International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Mereday C., Lehmann C. & Borrie R. (1990). Flotation For The Management of
Rheumatoid Arthritis. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.255-259. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Shafransky D.R., McCormick B.A., Fine T.H. & Turner J. Jr. (1997).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) on Serological Markers of
Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th International REST Conference. San
Francisco.
Turner J. Jr., Deleon A., Gibson C. & Fine T.H. (1993). Effects of
Flotation REST on Range Motion, Grip Strength and Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp. 297-306. New York: Springer-Verlag New York
Inc
Dieting
Barabasz M. (1993). REST : A Key Facilitator in
the Treatment of Eating Disorders. Clinical and Experimental Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.121-126. New
York: Springer-VerlagNew York Inc.
Borrie R.A. (1985). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy used in Weight
Reduction. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation.
pp.144-151. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Dyer R., Barabasz A. & Barabasz M. (1993). Twenty-Four Hours of Chamber
REST Produces Specific Food Aversions in Obese Females. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp.127-144. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Treatment for Alcohol and Substance
Abuse
Adams H. (1988).REST Arousability and the Nature
of Alcohol and Substance Abuse. Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5,
pp. 77-81.USA.*
Barabasz M., Barabasz A. & Dyer R. (1993). Chamber REST Reduces Alcohol
Consumption: 3, 6, 12, and 24 Hour Sessions. Clinical and Experimental
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.163-173.
New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Cooper G., Adams H.& Scott J. (1988).REST and Alcohol Consumption. Journal
of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5, pp.59.USA.*
David B. (1997). A Pilot Test of REST as a
Relapse Prevention Treatment for Alcohol and Drug Abusers. 6th International
REST Conference. San Francisco.*
DiRito D. (1993). Motivational Factors in Alcohol Consumption: Extending Hull’s
Model. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp.157-162. New York: Springer-Verlag New York
Inc.
Smoking Cessation (Quitting
Smoking)
Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1993). Treatment of Trichotillomania and Smoking
with Hypnosis and REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.145-
156. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T. & Bruno J. (1985). Floatation REST and Smoking Cessation: A
preliminary Report, Health and Clinical Psychology. North Holland: Elsevier
Science Publishers B.V.*
Ramirez C. (1985). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Techniques in Smoking
Cessation in a Latin American Country. First International Conference on REST
and Self-Regulation. pp.152-166. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications
Behavioral Therapy
Borrie R., Dana J., Perry S., & Friedman M. (1993). Flotation REST,
Physical Therapy and Psychological Intervention in the Treatment of Physical
Disabilities. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 289-296. New York: Springer-Verlag New
York Inc.
Cahn H.A. (1985). Sensory Isolation used with Cognition Modification Training
to Restore Medically Declared Unfit Persons to Duty and Reduce Absenteeism in
City of Phoenix Maintenance Workers. First International Conference on REST and
Self-Regulation. pp.167-178. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Grunberg N. E. (1990). Potential Applications of Restricted Environmental
Stimulus Therapy in Behavioral Health. Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Research and Commentary. pp.36-50. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Ramirez C.E., Suedfeld P., Remick R.A. & Fleming J.A.E. (1990). Potential
Beneficial Effect of REST on Patients with Electroconvulsive Therapy.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.188-195.
Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Rzewnicki R., Wallbaum A.B.C., Steel H. & Suedfeld P. (1990). REST for
Muscle Contraction Headaches; A Comparison of Two REST Environments Combined
with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.245-254. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College
of Ohio Press.
Dr. Suchurbruck, Dr. Berman & Tapprich J. (1997). Treatment of
Psychosomatic Illness Through Mental Training and Floatation in Oxygenated
Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths. 6th International REST Conference. San
Francisco.
Tikalsky F.D.(1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation, Relaxation Therapy,
Social Support and Mental Imagery as a Treatment Regimen in Breast Cancer. Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp267-271. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press
Anxiety
O’Toole P. & Barabasz M. (1997). Effects of Rational Emotive Therapy and
REST on Social Anxiety. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Pudvah M.B. & Rzewnicki R. (1990). Six Months in the Tank: The Long-Term
Effects of Flotation Isolation on State Anxiety, Hostility, and Depression.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.79-85.
Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Children with Autism
Harrison J. & Barabasz A. (1993). REST as a
Treatment for Children with Autism. Clinical and Experimental Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 269-280. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Suedfeld P. & Schwartz G. (1980). Restricted Environmental Stimulation
Therapy (REST) as a Treatment for Autistic Children. Journal of Developmental
and Behavioral Pediatrics. Vol.4, #3, pp. 196-201. William & Wilkins Co.
Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)
Goldstein D.D. & Jessen W.E. (1990). Flotation Effect on Premenstrual
Syndrome. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary.
pp.260-266. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
Jessen W. (1993). The Effects of Consecutive Floats and Their Timing on
Premenstrual Syndrome. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 281-288. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Physiological Effects
Barabasz M., O’Neill M. & Scoggin G. (1990).
The Physiological Panic Button: New Data. Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Research and Commentary. pp.112-119. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College of Ohio Press.
Budzynski T.H. (1990). Hemespheric Asymmetry and REST. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation REST. Pp.
2-21. New York: Sringer-Verlag
New York Inc.
Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990). The
Presence or Absence of Light in the REST Experience: Effects on Plasma Cortisol,
Blood Pressure and Mood. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and
Commentary. pp.120- 133. Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College
of Ohio Press.
Fine T., Mills D. & Turner J. Jr. (1993). Differential Effects of Wet and
Dry Flotation REST on EEG Frequency and Amplitude. Clinical and Experimental
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives.
205-213. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. First
International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.& Turner J.W. (1987).The Effect of flotation REST on EMG Biofeedback
and Plasma Cortisol. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.148-155. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Francis W.D. & Stanley J.M. (1985). The Effects of Restricted Environmental
Stimulation on Physiological and Cognitive Indices. First International
Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.40-49. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Malowitz R., Tortora T. & Lehmann C.A.
(1990). Effects of Floating in a Saturated Epsom Salts Solution Disinfected
with Bromine on the Aerobic Microbial Flora of the Skin. Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.139-150. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Ruzyla-Smith P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST on the
Immune Response: T-Cells, B-Cells, Helper and Suppressor Cells. Clinical and
Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp. 223-238. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Steel G. (1993). Relaxed and Alert:Patterns of T-Wave Amplitude and Heart Rate
in a REST Environment. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental
Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 249-260. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1985).Hormonal Changes Associated with Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy.First International Conference on REST and
Self-Regulation. pp.17-39. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation
Influences Plasma Cortisol Levels and Their Variability. Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.71-78. Toledo,
Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Turner J. Jr. & Fine T.H. (1993). The Physiological Effects of Flotation
REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New
Developments and Perspectives. pp. 215-222. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Turner J.W. Jr., Fine T. & Hamad N.M.
(1997). Plasma Catecholamine Activity During Flotation REST.6th International
REST Conference.San Francisco*
Turner J. Jr., Gerard W., Hyland J., Nieland P. & Fine T. (1993). Effects
of Wet and Dry Flotation REST on Blood Pressure and Plasma Cortisol. Clinical
and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and
Perspectives. pp. 239-248. New York:
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Turner J., Fine T.H., McGrady A. & Higgins J.T.(1987). Effects of
Biobehaviorally Assisted Relaxation Training on Blood Pressure and Hormone
Levels and Their Variation in Normotensives and Essential Hypertansives. 2nd
International Conference on REST. pp.87-109. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Turner J. Jr. , Shroeder H. & Fine T.H. (1993). A Method for Continuous
Blood Sampling During Flotation REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted
Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 261-267. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc
Other REST Literature
Barabasz A.F. & Barabasz M. (eds.) (1993).
Clinical and ExperimentalRestricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments
and Perspectives. (Based on the 4th International Conference on REST) New
York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1983). First
International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. Toledo,
Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1985). 2nd
International Conference on REST. Toledo, Ohio:
IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1990).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. (Based on the
3rd International Conference on REST). Toledo, Ohio:
Medical College
of Ohio Press.
Suedfeld P. & Turner J.W.
& Fine T.H. (eds.). (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation REST New
York : Springer-Verlag New York Inc.